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Article History

Accepted: 11 May 2025

First Online: 21 June 2025

Declarations

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: This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82170737, 82200820, and 82370707), NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou Science and Technology Project (No. 2025A04J5292, 202206080010), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Institute of Immune Kidney Disease and Precision Medicine, Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2023B0303000013), and 2024 Guangzhou Science and Technology Fund for Agriculture and Social Development Special Topic (No. 2024B03J1337). This work also received funding from AstraZeneca.

: The authors (NH, YX, CL, YL, YF, ZL, DZ, HM, WC) declare no conflicts of interest.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: NH, YX, CL, DZ, HM, and WC conceived and designed the study. NH, YX, CL, YL, YF, ZL, and DZ screened and selected the articles. NH, YX, CL, YF, and ZL extracted the data. NH, YX, CL, YF, and ZL assessed the risk of bias, NH, CL, YF, and ZL analyzed the data, HM, and WC supervised the data analyses, NH, and CL rated the certainty of evidence, NH, YX, and WC interpreted the data, NH, CL, YF, and ZL drafted the manuscript. All authors had full access to all the data in the study, had reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript, and agree to be accountable for the work.