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Article History

Accepted: 7 July 2025

First Online: 24 July 2025

Declarations

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: Open access funding provided by Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.

: M. Cazzola received speaker fees from Abdi Ibrahim, Alkem, AstraZeneca, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Cipla, Eurodrug, GlaxoSmithKline, Glenmark, Mankind Pharma, Menarini Group, Mundipharma, Recipharm, Verona Pharma and Zambon, has acted as a consultant to Chiesi Farmaceutici, GlaxoSmithKline, Recipharm, and Verona Pharma, and has patents 9717732, 9700558, 20160008363, 20160000790 and 20170266190 licensed to Verona Pharma. C.P. Page has acted as a consultant to Ananda Pharma, Eurodrug, Recipharm, MicroA, and PrEP Biopharma, and holds equity in Ananda Pharma and Verona Pharma. L Calzetta has participated as an advisor in scientific meetings under the sponsorship of Boehringer Ingelheim and Novartis, received nonfinancial support from AstraZeneca, a research grant partially funded by Chiesi Farmaceutici, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, and Almirall, is or has been a consultant to ABC Farmaceutici, Edmond Pharma, Ockham Biotech, Verona Pharma, and Zambon and has patents 9717732, 9700558, 20160008363, 20160000790 and 20170266190 licensed to Verona Pharma. F.J. Martinez received speaker fees from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Roche, has acted as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Chiesi Farmaceutici, DevPro, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi/Regeneron, UpToDate, received grant support from AstraZeneca, Chiesi Farmaceutici, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi/Regeneron, and has been on the data and safety monitoring board for MedTronic. P. Rogliani has participated as a faculty member and advisor in scientific meetings and courses under the sponsorship of Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Edmond Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Menarini Group, Mundipharma, Novartis, Recipharm, Sanofi, and Zambon, and her department was funded by Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Novartis, and Zambon. M.G. Matera received speaker fees from Chiesi Farmaceutici, GlaxoSmithKline and Menarini Group, and her department was funded by GlaxoSmithKline. Mario Cazzola, Clive Page, and Luigino Calzetta are Editorial Board members of Drugs. Mario Cazzola, Clive Page, and Luigino Calzetta were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

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: All authors were involved in the initial conception of the manuscript. M.C. and C.P.P. led the drafting and coordinated the revisions of the manuscript among all authors. L.C., F.J.M., P.R., and M.G.M. critically revised the content on their areas of expertise. All authors approved the final draft and agreed to be accountable for the work.