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Article History

Received: 21 April 2025

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 25 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study does not involve human participants, human data or human tissue.

: Not applicable. This study does not involve individual data.

: The authors (Kai-Yang Chen, Hoi-Chun Chan, and Chi-Ming Chan) declare that they have no competing interests.

: K.-Y. C. contributed to conceptualization, methodology, software, investigation, validation, writing the original draft, visualization, and formal analysis. H.-C. C. was responsible for conceptualization, methodology, and software. C.-M. C. handled methodology, investigation, validation, supervision, and project administration. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Not applicable.