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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

:

: SS is scientific advisory board member for Amgen, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CheckmAb, Clovis, Daiichi-Sankyo, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Medica, Merck, Ospedale San Raffaele, Roche-Genentech, and Seattle Genetics. AS-B is an advisory board member for Amgen, Bayer, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, and Takeda. KB is an advisory board member for AstraZeneca. AA is an advisory board member for Amgen, Italfarmaco, Merck Serono. JR reports personal speaker honoraria from Sanofi, Pfizer, Takeda, BMS, Merck and Amgen; and accommodation expenses from Pierre Fabre, Servier, Amgen, and Merck. EE reports the following potential conflicts of interest: Honoraria, Consulting or Advisory Role, and Speakers's Bureau: Agenus, Amgen, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cure Teq AG, GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffman La – Roche, Janssen, Johnson&Johnson, Lilly, Medscape, Merck Serono, MSD, Nordic Group BV, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Repare Therapeutics Inc., RIN Institute Inc., Rottapharm Biotech, Sanofi, Seagen International GmbH, Servier, and Takeda. CV; FT; GM; EB; DP; LL; FV; MM; LM; AB; GM; SG; and GP declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

: Not applicable.

: CV: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation, writing – original draft, visualization; FT: writing – review & editing; GM: conceptualization, methodology, writing – review & editing; EB: writing – review & editing; AA: writing – review & editing; KB: writing – review & editing; DP: writing – review & editing; LL: writing – review & editing; FV: writing – review & editing; MM: writing – review & editing; LM: writing – review & editing; AB: writing – review & editing; GM: writing – review & editing; SG: writing – review & editing; GP: writing – review & editing; JR: data curation, validation, writing – review & editing; EE: validation, writing – review & editing; ASB: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, validation, writing – review & editing, supervision; SS.: conceptualization, methodology, validation, writing – review & editing, supervision.