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Article History

Received: 31 August 2025

Accepted: 4 January 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Declarations

:

: SM, SWN, AJM, JCB, ROD and SJK have no conflicts to declare. JZ is funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant (APP1194105). The funder had no influence on the work done on this paper. FB has received funding support for travel and attending meetings from professional societies for invited talks at international conferences and is an executive of a research collaborative network funded by NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence funding: Australia and New Zealand Low Back Pain Research Network. She is an executive of an educational training program in development (Online Pain Education Network) funded by the Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra, and serves as a Councillor for the International Association for the Study of Pain. CM holds hold a research fellowship from the NHMRC that includes a research support package that could be used to pay for article processing charges for the present manuscript, holds several research grants and a research fellowship from the NHMRC and several grants from the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF). Both the NHMRC and MRFF are Australian Government medical research funding agencies. CM has also received research grants from New South Wales Health, Ramsay Hospital Research Foundation, Hospitals Contribution Fund of Australia (HCF) Research Foundation, Arthritis Australia, Australian Rheumatology Association and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; he also received the 2023 Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Research Medal and prize. The prize was paid into a hospital account and was used to fund research at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. CM received a research grant from the Sao Paulo Research Foundation for the period 2019–2023. Travel expenses have been covered when he was an invited speaker at a scientific conference; he is also an executive of three research collaborative networks funded by NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence funding: Wiser Healthcare, Australia and New Zealand Musculoskeletal Clinical Trials Network, Australia and New Zealand Low Back Pain Research Network. HM has received support in the form of registration and travel costs for attending conferences as a PhD student from Australia and New Zealand Low Back Pain Research Network. CWL holds several research grants and a research fellowship from the NHMRC; and several grants from MRFF. Both the NHMRC and MRFF are Australian Government medical research funding agencies. CAS is funded by an NHMRC Investigator Grant (APP2026038) and holds other NHMRC (APP2000989) and MRRF grants (APP2030414). She has received support to attend conferences and presentations (Consultant Pharmacist Conference for keynote presentations), developed educational modules for Pharmaceutical Society of Australia and is a Data Safety Monitoring Board member (RESHAPED trial).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: No data was collected from participants. Outcome data are presented in ESM 8.

: CAS conceived the review and drafted the protocol. All authors agreed on the protocol. CAS conducted the search. SM, JZ, SN and CAS extracted data. SM and JZ conducted the analyses. SM and JZ verified the data. All authors had access to the data. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results. SM drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed, edited and approved the final manuscript.