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Article History

Received: 28 September 2025

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 15 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Lucia Del Vecchio is an Editorial Board member of Drugs . Lucia Del Vecchio was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Lucia Del Vecchio has received speaker fees at meetings with indirect support of AstraZeneca, Boheringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Vifor, Astellas, and Amgen. Beatriz Fernandez-Fernandez has received grants from Esteve and AstraZeneca; consultancy or speaker fees or travel support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Menarini, Novo-Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim, Mundipharma, Lilly, and Amgen; and participated in data safety monitoring boards or advisory boards for Astrazeneca, Bayer, Novo-Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim, Mundipharma, Lilly, and Amgen. Alessia Fornoni is an inventor on pending or issued patents (US10,183,038, US10,052,345, US11,344,604) aimed to diagnose or treat proteinuric renal diseases. She stands to gain royalties from their future commercialization. Alessia Fornoni is the Vice-President of L&F Health LLC, holds equity interests in L&F Research, and is the inventor of assets developed by ZyVersa Therapeutics. ZyVersa Therapeutics has licensed worldwide rights to develop and commercialize hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin for the treatment of kidney disease from L&F Research. Alessia Fornoni holds equities in River 3 Renal Corporation. In the previous 12 months, Alessia Fornoni has received consulting fees from Travere, Alexion, Novartis, Vera Therapeutics, Bayer, and Aion. Andreas Kronbichler has received consultancy of speaker fees or travel support from Amgen, Argenx, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Vifor, Delta4, GlaxoSmithKline, Miltenyi Biotec, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, Roche, Sobi, and Walden Biosciences. Alberto Ortiz has received consultancy or speaker fees or travel support from Astellas, Astrazeneca, Bioporto, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Sobi, Menarini, Lilly, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo-Nordisk, Sysmex, Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma, and Spafarma; and is a Director of the Catedra UAM-AstraZeneca of CKD and electrolytes.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

: Not applicable.

: LDV conceived and coordinated the article. All authors wrote sections and reviewed and approved the final version of the article.