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Article History

Received: 16 November 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: MSM acknowledges funding through the following: ASCO Conquer Cancer Young Investigator Award (2024YIA-2215472755), NCI K38 career development award (1K38CA304069-01), Cancer Center Support Grant/Core Grant P30 CA008748. WP acknowledges funding through the following: research funding to Institution: NIH/NCI SPORE Pancreas (P50 CA257881-01A1), Paul Calabresi Career Development Award for Clinical Oncology (K12 CA184746), Cancer Center Support Grant/Core Grant (P30 CA008748), Break Through Cancer, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Society of MSK, Merck, Astellas, Lepu Biopharma, Amgen, Revolution Medicines. Consulting: Astellas, EXACT Therapeutics, Revolution Medicines, Innovent Biologics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, KeyQuest, TD Cowen, Alphasights, CME honoraria: American Physician Institute, Curio, Integrity, Physicians' Education Resource, Aptitude Health, Travel Fee from Amgen and DAVA Oncology. EOR acknowledges funding through the following: research Funding to Institution: Genentech/Roche, BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Arcus, Elicio Therapeutics, Parker Institute, NIH/NCI, Digestive Care, Break Through Cancer, Agenus, Amgen, Revolution Medicines, Tango Therapeutics. Consulting/DSMB: Uncompensated: Arcus, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Alligator BioSciences, Pfizer, Agenus, BioNTech, Ipsen, Ikena, Merck, Immuneering, Moma Therapeutics, Novartis, Astellas, BMS, Revolution Medicines, Regeneron, Tango Therapeutics. Travel: BioNTech, Arcus. Other: American Association of Cancer Research (AACR), American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Imedex, Research To Practice, Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C), NIH/NCI Cancer Center Support Grant/Core Grant P30 CA008748, NCI/NIH P50 CA257881-01A1.

: Not applicable.

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: Not applicable.

: MM, WP, EOR designed, authored, reviewed, and approved the manuscript.