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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 14 March 2026

Declarations

:

: No funding was received to support the writing of this manuscript.

: Rashmee Patil has received research funding via investigator grants from: Akero Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novo Nordisk, 89Bio, and Inventiva. She has received consulting/advisory fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk and is on the speaker’s bureau for Novo Nordisk and Madrigal Pharmaceuticals. Winston Dunn reports grants from 89bio, Inc; NATiV3; Novo Nordisk; and Madrigal Pharmaceuticals. He is a member of the speakers’ bureaus for Novo Nordisk and Madrigal Pharmaceuticals and serves on an advisory board for Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals. Mazen Noureddin declares Advisory Board/Consulting: Akero, Altimmune, Alligos, AstraZeneca, BI, Boston Pharma, Curve bioscience, Daiichi Sankyo, GSK, Histoindex, Kryia , Lilly, Madrigal, Merck, Neuraly, Novo Nordisk, OPKO, Rivus, Sagimet, and Takeda. Principal Investigator for a Drug Study: Allergan, Altimmune, Akero, BI, BMS, Boston Pharma, Conatus, Corcept, Gilead, Galectin, Genfit, GSK, Kowa, Enanta, Madrigal, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Rivus, Shire, Takeda, Terns, Viking, and Zydus. Stockholder: OPKO, Kryia and Akero. Speaking bureau: Madrigal and Novo Nordisk. Naim Alkhouri. has received grant/research support from 89bio, Akero Therapeutics, Arbutus Biopharma, AstraZeneca, BioAge, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Corcept Therapeutics, Galectin Therapeutics, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Hepagene Therapeutics, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inventiva Pharma, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Ipsen, Lilly, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, NorthSea Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Perspectum, Pfizer, PharmaIN, Poxel, Regeneron, Viking Therapeutics, and Zydus Pharmaceuticals; reports speaker’s fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Echosens, Gilead Sciences, Ipsen, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, and Perspectum; and reports consulting for 89bio, AbbVie, Akero, Boehringer Ingelheim, Echosens, Fibronostics, Gilead Sciences, HistoIndex, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Ipsen, LiverRight, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, NorthSea Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Perspectum, Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sonicy Incytes.

: Not applicable. This manuscript is a narrative review and does not include original datasets.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants or animal experiments.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: N.A. and M.N. contributed to the conception and design of the review. R.P. and W.D. drafted the initial manuscript. All authors contributed to critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final version.