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Article History

Received: 18 December 2025

Accepted: 15 February 2026

First Online: 25 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors (A.A, Q.N, R.D, L.A.N, M.L.O, M.K.B, K.T.M.S, M.A, A.H, O.A, M.A, A.I, E.B, R.M, M.E) declare that there is no conflict of interest in this review.

: As this review was based exclusively on published literature, a statement of ethics is not applicable.

: This review was based on previously published peer-reviewed articles and publicly available clinical trials, from which the data used in this analysis were extracted; no new data were generated. A full list of the included studies and patient characteristics is available in the supplementary materials.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Conception and design: Ahmed Abouelella, Qasi Najah, Richard O. Day, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Maria A. Lopez-Olivo, Matthew K. Bagg, K.T. Matthew Seah, Muhammed Elhadi. Collection, assembly of data, and quality assessment: Ahmed Abouelella, Qasi Najah, Mohammad Alhasan, Ahmed Hamoudah, Ola Abuzied, Mansoor Al-tamimi, Ayman Ibrahim, Eman Basheer, Reham Mahgoub. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ahmed Abouelella, Qasi Najah, Richard O. Day, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Maria A. Lopez-Olivo, Matthew K. Bagg, K.T. Matthew Seah, Muhammed Elhadi. Drafting of the article: Ahmed Abouelella, Qasi Najah, Richard O. Day, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Maria A. Lopez-Olivo, Matthew K. Bagg, K.T. Matthew Seah, Muhammed Elhadi. Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: Richard O. Day, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Maria A. Lopez-Olivo, Matthew K. Bagg, K.T. Matthew Seah, Mohammad Alhasan, Ahmed Hamoudah, Ola Abuzied, Mansoor Al-tamimi, Ayman Ibrahim, Eman Basheer, Reham Mahgoub, Qasi Najah, Ahmed Abouelella, Muhammed Elhadi. Final approval of the article: All authors have read and approved the final version of the article. Provision of study materials or patients: Not applicable (systematic review and network meta-analysis based exclusively on published data). Statistical expertise: Ahmed Abouelella, Qasi Najah, Muhammed Elhadi. Administrative, technical, or logistic support: Ahmed Hamoudah, Muhammed Elhadi. Supervision: Richard O. Day, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Muhammed Elhadi. Responsibility for the integrity of the work: The following authors take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from study inception to the final manuscript: Muhammed Elhadi, MBBCh, MSc ( muhammed-elhadi@korea.ac.kr ), Ahmed Abouelella, MBBCh ( ahmedz.abouelella@gmail.com ) Qasi Najah, MBBCh (qasinajah@gmail.com).