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Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Sofie BROUWERS has received honoraria for consultancy or lectures from Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Amgen, Recor, Servier, and Medtronic. Rosa Maria BRUNO has received speaker’s honoraria from Medtronic, Servier, El Kendi, and LXO. Reinhold KREUTZ has received honoraria for consultancy or lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Krka, Menarini Group, Merck, ProMed, PolPharma, Recor, Servier, and Zentiva. Stefano MASI has received consultation fees and honoraria for lectures, editorial activities, and advisory board participation from Servier. Krzysztof NARKIEWICZ has received honoraria for consultancy or lectures from AstraZeneca, Bausch, Berlin-Chemie/Menarini, Egis, Eli Lilly, Gedeon Richter, Krka, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Omron, Polpharma, Promed, Recordati, Sandoz, Servier, and Zentiva. Atul PATHAK has received honoraria for consultancy or lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Recor, and Servier. Stefano TADDEI has received honoraria for consultancy or lectures from Servier, Pfizer, Merck Serono, Sandoz, Neopharmed, Sharper, and Medtronic. Konstantinos TSIOUFIS has received research grants from Recor, Medtronic, and Recordatti and honoraria for consultancy or lectures from Medtronic, Servier, Bayer, Menarini, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Boehringer In, Pfizer, Chiesi, Pharmanel, Sanofi, Amgen, VIATRIS, and HIKMA.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All authors contributed to the conception, design and writing of the review. All authors reviewed, edited, approved the final manuscript, and ensured the accuracy and integrity of the cited content.