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Article History

Received: 15 January 2026

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 18 May 2026

Declarations

:

: L.H. declares research funding Roche Genentech, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Takeda, Merck, Pfizer, Novartis, Gilead, Summit and Amgen, all payments were made to the Institution. Speaker educationals/webinars: AstraZeneca, Bayer, Lilly, MSD, high5oncology, Takeda, Janssen, GSK, Sanofi, Pfizer, Medtalks, Benecke, VJOncology, Medimix (all payments were paid to the Institution with the exception of Medtalks, Benecke, VJOncology, Medimix). Advisory boards: Abbvie, Amgen, Anhearth, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Sanofi, Summit Therapeutics, Takeda, all payments were made to the Institution. Member guideline committees: Dutch guidelines on NSCLC, brain metastases and leptomeningeal metastases (payment to self), ESMO guidelines on metastatic NSCLC, non-metastatic NSCLC and SCLC (non-financial). Other (non-financial): former secretary and current chair NVALT studies foundation, secretary EORTC lung cancer group, vice-chair scientific committee Dutch Thoracic Group. Local PI of clinical trials: AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Merck, Roche, Takeda, Blueprint, Mirati, Abbvie (also steering committee), Gilead, MSD, Merck, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Daiichi, Amgen, BMS, Revolution Medicines (all payments were made to the Institution). J.R. declares honoraria from Johnson & Johnson, MSD, Pfizer, all payments made to the Institution. Support for travel/attending meeting from MSD and Ose Immunotherapeutics. Participation on advisory boards for Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lilly, with all payments made to the Institution. Editor in JTO, JCO OA, Lung Cancer, member ESMO guidelines Thymic Malignancies 2025–2026. Chair of the EORTC Lung Cancer Group. R.H. declares research funding from Amgen and Stichting Treatmeds and fees received for acting as an advisory board member for Samsung Bioepis. R.G. declares research fundings from AstraZeneca (paid to the Institution). S.P.L.S. declares grants from AstraZeneca, Haystack Oncology. Consulting fees from Pfizer, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim and Johnson & Johnson. Honoraria from AstraZeneca, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Roche, Takeda, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Boehringer Ingelheim. Support for attending meetings/travel from MSD, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, BeOne, Johnson & Johnson, Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb. Advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson. L.Z. declares fundings from LIFEN, paid to the Institution. M.B., F.R.O., A.S. declare no competing interests

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: No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

: LZ, MB, LH, JZ: conceptualization; LZ, MB, FRO, SPLS, RG, RH, AS: writing—original draft; LZ, MB, FRO, SPLS, RG, RH, AS: visualization; LZ, MB, LH, JR: writing—review & editing; LH, JR: supervision.