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Article History

Received: 14 December 2025

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 28 July 2026

Declarations

Conflicts of interest/Competing interests: Elizabeth Sakach: consulting or an advisory role: Stemline, AstraZeneca, and Novartis. Research funding (institution): Pfizer, Puma, Eli Lilly, Rayzebio, and ProDa. Kevin Kalinsky: spouse, stock: EQRX (prior employee) and ADC Therapeutics; consulting fees from Lilly, Novartis, Genentech/Roche, Gilead, Seattle Genetics, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Puma Biotechnology, Mersana, Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Myovant Sciences, Takeda, Prelude Therapeutics, eFFECTOR Therapeutis, Regor, RayzeBio, Relay Therapuetics, and Merck, and institutional funding from Novartis, Genentech/Roche, Lilly, Seattle Genetics, AstraZeneca, Daichi Sankyo, and Ascentage, all outside the submitted work. Shipra Gandhi: consulting: Hologic, AstraZeneca, Novartis, MedPage Today, Genentech, Stemline Therapeutics; honorarium: OncLive, Aptitude Health, Clinical Care Options, and PeerView; speaker: Roche. Lan Lei, Madison Canning, Almeera Lateef, Larisa Kamga, and Minaam Abid have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

Ethics Approval: Not applicable.

Consent to Participate: Not applicable.

Consent for Publication: Not applicable.

Availability of Data and Material: Not applicable.

Code Availability: Not applicable.

Authors’ Contributions: Conceptualization: SG and KK designed the scope and structure of the review. Data curation: LL collected and organized the literature sources. Writing (original draft): LL, MC, ES, AL, LK, MA. Writing (review and editing): ES, KK, SG.