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Article History

First Online: 15 September 2015

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: The WHI programme is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, through contract nos. HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C and HHSN271201100004C.

: Heidi Wirtz owns stock in Teva Pharmaceuticals. During the past 3 years, Andrea LaCroix served on the Scientific Methodology Advisory Panel for monitoring the safety of Prolia for Amgen. She also served on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW), funded by Sanofi-Aventis and Proctor & Gamble (the Alliance for Better Bone Health) through an unrestricted research grant from the University of Massachusetts, Center for Outcomes Research. Zachary Marcum, Mary Pettinger, Ryan Carnahan, Jane Cauley, Jennifer Bea and Shelly Gray declare that they have no conflicts of interest, including financial interests, activities, relationships or affiliations, that are relevant to this study.

: All procedures performed in this study were approved by the respective institutional review boards at the participating institutions and were in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.