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Article History

First Online: 24 July 2018

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: Alex Secora, the principal author, is supported by grant T32 HL007024 from the NHLBI, National Institutes of Health; Morgan Grams is supported by grant K08DK092287 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; and G. Caleb Alexander is supported by 1 U01 FD004977-02 from the US FDA. The ARIC study is performed as a collaborative investigation supported by contracts HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C from the NHLBI. The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study, analysis or interpretation of the data, and preparation or final approval of the manuscript prior to publication.

: Dr. G. Caleb Alexander is Chair of the FDA’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee, has served as a paid advisor to IQVIA, serves on the advisory board of MesaRx Innovations, is a member of OptumRx’s National P&T Committee, and holds equity in Monument Analytics, a healthcare consultancy whose clients include the life sciences industry as well as plaintiffs in opioid litigation. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. Alex Secora, G. Caleb Alexander, Shoshana H. Ballew, Josef Coresh and Morgan E. Grams declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this study.