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Article History

First Online: 18 August 2020

Declarations

:

: Parts of this paper were presented at the Eastern States Conference for Pharmacy Residents and Preceptors Meeting, 30 April 2019, Hershey, PA, USA.

: This study was supported by Grants R01HL111032 and K24AG049057 from the National Institutes of Health and by award 5K12HS022998 from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Dr. Zullo). Dr. Zullo was also supported by a Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Academic Affiliations Advanced Fellowship in Health Services Research and Development, a grant from the National Institute on Aging (R21AG061632), and a grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U54GM115677). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: Drs. Zullo, Riester, Erqou, Wu, Rudolph, and Steinman have no potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: The data employed in our study are subject to a data use agreement with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and cannot be made available to other researchers.

: The institutional review boards of Brown University, the University of California San Francisco, and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System approved the study protocol.

: Not required.

: The institutional review boards of Brown University; the University of California San Francisco; and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System granted a waiver of informed consent for this research.

: Publication of this research has been pursued following all terms of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Data Use Agreement. Individual consent to publish is not applicable.

: Software code is available upon request.