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Article History

Accepted: 16 April 2023

First Online: 9 May 2023

Declarations

:

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. This study was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Targeted Call for Research into Frailty in Hospital Care (APP 1174447).

: ER has received grants from the US National Institutes of Health, Australian Association of Gerontology (paid to employing institution) and royalties from UpToDate for writing a chapter on deprescribing. JSB has received grant funding or consulting funds from the NHMRC, Medical Research Future Fund, Victorian Government Department of Health and Human Services, Dementia Australia Research Foundation, Yulgilbar Foundation, Aged Care Quality and Safety Commission, Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia, GlaxoSmithKline Supported Studies Programme, Amgen, and several aged care provider organisations unrelated to this work. All grants and consulting funds were paid to the employing institution. KR has asserted copyright of the Clinical Frailty Scale through Dalhousie University’s Industry, Liaison, and Innovation Office. Use is free for education, research, and not-for-profit healthcare. Users agree not to change or commercialize the scale. In addition to academic and hospital appointments, KR is co-founder of Ardea Outcomes, which (as DGI Clinical) in the last 3 years has had contracts with pharma and device manufacturers (Danone, Hollister, INmune, Novartis, Takeda) on individualized outcome measurement. In 2020 he attended an advisory board meeting with Nutricia on dementia, and chaired a Scientific Workshop & Technical Review Panel on frailty for the Singapore National Research Foundation. Otherwise any personal fees are for invited guest lectures, rounds and academic symposia, received directly from event organizers, for presentations on frailty. KR is Associate Director of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegenerataion in Aging, itself funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, the Alzheimer Society of Canada and several other charities. SH developed and continues to lead an active research program on the Drug Burden Index. The Goal-directed Medication review Electronic Decision Support System (G-MEDSS), which includes a Drug Burden Index calculator, was developed by LKO under the supervision of SH, and is under consideration for commercialisation.

: Ethics approval was obtained from the Northern Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (2019/PID09249). A waiver of consent was granted for the extraction and use of the data from the electronic medical record as only non-identifiable data will be extracted.

: For the electronic Medical Record data extracts for this study period, the research team requested a waiver of consent in view of the large sample size.

: Not applicable.

: The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

: The analytic code used to support the findings in this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: KF had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Conception and design: KF, NM, SL and SH. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: all authors. Drafting of the manuscript: KF. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors. Statistical analysis: KF. Obtained funding: SH. Supervision: SH. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.