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Article History

Accepted: 15 May 2024

First Online: 9 July 2024

Declarations

:

: Dr. Bongiovanni was funded by the National Institute of Aging of the National Institutes of Health under award number K23AG073523 and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation under award P0553126. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

: Authors received the following funding unrelated to this study: Dr. Harrison is supported by the National Institute Of Aging of the National Institutes of Health under award number K01AG073533 and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the NIH under award number KL2TR001870. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Ross currently receives research support through Yale University from Johnson and Johnson to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing, from the Food and Drug Administration for the Yale-Mayo Clinic Center for Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI) program (U01FD005938), from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS022882), and from Arnold Ventures; formerly received research support from the Medical Device Innovation Consortium as part of the National Evaluation System for Health Technology (NEST) and from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01HS025164, R01HL144644); in addition, Dr. Ross is an expert witness at the request of Relator’s attorneys, the Greene Law Firm, in a qui tam suit alleging violations of the False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Statute against Biogen Inc. that was settled in September 2022. Dr. Steinman was funded by the National Institutes of Health (K24AG049057, R24AG064025, and P30AG044281). Dr Finlayson is supported by the National Institute of Health (R01AG058616 and R01AG067507). She is co-founder of Ooney Inc.

: This study was approved by UCSF’s Institutional Review Board.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The data supporting this study’s findings can be requested from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

: The analytic code used to support the findings in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Tasce Bongiovanni, MD, MPP: study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and preparation of manuscript; Siqi Gan, MPH: analysis and interpretation of data, and preparation of manuscript; Emily Finlayson, MD: study concept and design, interpretation of data, and preparation of manuscript; Joseph Ross, MD: interpretation of data, and preparation of manuscript; James Harrison, PhD: interpretation of data, and preparation of manuscript; John Boscardin, PhD: study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and preparation of manuscript; and Michael Steinman, MD: study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and preparation of manuscript

: The sponsor had no role in the design, methods, subject recruitment, data collection, analysis, or preparation of the paper.