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Article History

Accepted: 12 January 2025

First Online: 26 February 2025

Declarations

:

: This work was supported by the National Institute on Aging (NIA)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) (grant nos. K01-AG075254, P30-AG024832, P30-AG059301) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (grant no. R01‐DA039192). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. The funders had no involvement in the study design, analysis, interpretation, writing of the manuscript, or decision to submit this article for publication.

: S.A.M., J.W., Y.F.K., B.D., and M.R. declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: Our use of the 20% National Medicare data was approved by the University of Texas Medical Branch Institutional Review Board (16-0247).

: Not applicable.

: The data used in this study are not publically available and require a data use agreement (DUA) from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

: Not applicable.

: S.A.M., Y.F.K., and M.R. were involved in the conceptualization, design, interpretation of the results, and editing of the manuscript. B.D. contributed to the interpretation of the results and editing of the manuscript. J.W. conducted data analysis. All authors edited and approved the final version of the manuscript.