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Article History

Accepted: 27 January 2025

First Online: 20 February 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is supported by (1) the National Key R&D Program of China (2022ZD0118005); (2) the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2019-I2M-5-029); and (3) The Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (2020-1-2041).

: Ping Lu, Lingyun Cui, Hongqiu Gu, Zixiao Li, Yongjun Wang, and Xingquan Zhao declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

: The ethics committee approved the study protocol of Beijing Tiantan Hospital with the Declaration of Helsinki (KY2018-061-02).

: All participating hospitals of CSCA had the right to collect data without the informed consent of patients or a waiver of authorization and exemption from their institutional review board.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Ping Lu: conceptualization, methodology, project administration, validation, visualization, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Lingyun Cui: investigation, methodology, validation, and writing—original draft. Hongqiu Gu: data curation, formal analysis, methodology, supervision, and validation. Zixiao Li: methodology, project administration, resources, supervision, and validation. Yongjun Wang: data curation, funding acquisition, methodology, resources, software, and supervision. Xingquan Zhao: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, project administration, resources, supervision, and writing—review and editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.