Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 5 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted without any external funding support. Drs. Chaitoff and Maust are supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Health Systems Research service. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the US government. Dr. Jungo was supported by a Postdoc.Mobility Fellowship from the Swiss National Science Foundation [P500PM_206728].

: Dr. Chaitoff reports consulting for Alosa Health and AristaMD, both unrelated to the current work. The other authors do not have any conflicts of interest to report.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All data analyzed in this study are publicly available and can be accessed through the cited publications. No new data were collected for this research.

: Drs. Jungo and Chaitoff had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs. Jungo and Chaitoff were responsible for the study conception and design, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, and manuscript preparation. Ms. Wildisen, Dr. Lauffenburger, and Dr. Maust contributed to the acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and critical revision of the manuscript. Dr. Jungo was responsible for statistical analysis. Ms. Wildisen provided administrative, technical, and material support. Drs. Jungo and Chaitoff oversaw the study and provided supervision.