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Article History

Accepted: 22 July 2025

First Online: 6 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University (IRB no. 07-2023-43). Data were provided by the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS-2024-2-060). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Not applicable. This study used de-identified, publicly available data from the NHIS-Senior Cohort.

: Jung-sun Lim designed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. Bumjo Oh conceptualized the study, supervised the research process, and provided critical revision and oversight. Sunyoung Kim contributed significantly to manuscript revision, interpretation of results, and reviewer responses. Sujeong Han and Jong Seung Kim reviewed interim drafts and provided clinical feedback throughout the study. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

: All authors (Jung-sun Lim, Sujeong Han, Jong Seung Kim, Sunyoung Kim, and Bumjo Oh) declare that they have no competing interests.

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Seoul National University. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) of Korea. These data can be accessed by researchers upon request and approval from the NHIS. Access requires submission of a research proposal and payment of associated data usage fees.

: Not applicable.