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Authors
Maldonado, Lizmarie G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4236-6225
Matthews, Lois J. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7239-9918
Fernandez, Katharine A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-388X
Simpson, Annie N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7216-1036
Cunningham, Lisa L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5320-964X
Dubno, Judy R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2340-4721
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (P50 DC000422)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1 TR001450)
National Institutes of Health/National Center for Research Resources (C06 RR14516)
Division of Intramural Research/National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (ZIA DC000079)
Medical University of South Carolina
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2025
Accepted: 2 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: Lizmarie G. Maldonado, Lois J. Matthews, Katharine A. Fernandez, Annie N. Simpson, Lisa L. Cunningham, and Judy R. Dubno declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.
: Please contact the corresponding author to request data used in this study, which can be made available with a data use agreement and institutional approvals according to guidelines of the Medical University of South Carolina.
: Recruitment, consenting, and test protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board for Human Research at the Medical University of South Carolina (approval no. Pro00143394). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: All participants provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Conceptualization: JRD, LLC, KAF, LJM, and ANS; methodology: JRD, LLC, KAF, LJM, ANS, and LGM; acquisition of data: LJM and JRD; formal analysis: LGM and ANS; writing—original draft: LGM and JRD; writing—review and editing: LLC, KAF, LJM, and ANS; administrative, technical, and material support: JRD and LJM; acquisition of funding: JRD. All authors read and approved the final version.
