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Authors
Thapa, Subindra Kazi https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8549-6734
Li, Jia https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8688-9878
Mach, John https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-6376
Hilmer, Sarah N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5970-1501
Kirkpatrick, Carl M. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5715-1534
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Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: Subindra Kazi Thapa, Jia Li, John Mach, and Carl M.J. Kirkpatrick have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. Sarah N. Hilmer is an Editorial Board member of Drugs and Aging . Sarah N. Hilmer was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Upon a reasonable request, raw data are available from the corresponding author.
: Not applicable.
: SKT, JM, SNH, and CMK contributed to the study conception and design. SKT and CMK developed the search strategy. SKT conducted all title and abstract screening, while SKT and JL screened full-text articles and assessed the risk of bias. Data extraction was performed by SKT and reviewed by JL and CMK. Statistical planning and meta-analyses were carried out by SKT and CMK. The manuscript was written by SKT, with critical review and edits provided by JL, JM, SNH, and CMK. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for its content.
