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Article History

Received: 20 August 2025

Accepted: 7 December 2025

First Online: 4 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Kazuki Kushida reports serving as an advisor to SUGI Pharmacy. Sarah N. Hilmer is an editorial board member of Drugs and Aging . Sarah N. Hilmer was not involved in the selection of reviewers or editorial decisions for this paper. Kenji Fujita, Noriko Sato, Ayumi Okizaki, Ruri Endo, Maho Taguchi, Timothy F. Chen, and Tomoya Kudo have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: This study was approved by the Yokohama University of Pharmacy Research Ethics Committee on 25 March, 2024 (C24001A, study period: 25 March, 2024 to 31 December, 2025). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: For the electronic pharmacy record data extracts for this study period, the research team requested a waiver of consent in view of the large sample size.

: Not applicable.

: The data are not publicly available because of privacy or ethical restrictions.

: The analytic code used to support the findings in this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: KF had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Conception and design: KF, NS, AO, RE, KK, TK. Data acquisition: RE, AO, MT, TK. Statistical analysis: KF, NS, AO. Drafting of the manuscript: KF. Revision of the manuscript: all authors. Supervision: SH, TFC, KK. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.