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Article History

Received: 28 January 2026

Accepted: 11 June 2026

First Online: 24 June 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: Lara Perrella, Elena Olmastroni, Sara Mucherino, Andrea Rossi, Valentina Orlando, Manuela Casula and Enrica Menditto have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

Ethics approval: This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Consent to participate: Not applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Availability of data and material: All data used for the current study are available upon reasonable request to the Centro di Ricerca in Farmacoeconomia e Farmacoutilizzazione authorised by the governance board of Unità del Farmaco della Regione Campania [D.G.R. 276, 23 May, 2017]. The data are not publicly available because of legal/ethical restrictions (GDPR-Reg. (EU) 2016/679). However, aggregate results and summary tables supporting the main findings are provided within the article and ESM.

Code availability: The code used in this study is not publicly available because of privacy restrictions but can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request if appropriate.

Author contributions: Conceptualisation: EM, MC; methodology: LP, EO, EM, MC; software: EO; validation: EM, MC, data curation: LP, EO, SM, AR, VO, MC, EM; writing (original draft preparation): LP, EO; writing (review and editing): SM, AR, VO, EC, MC, EM; supervision: EM, funding acquisition: EM. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.