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Article History

Received: 13 February 2025

Accepted: 27 August 2025

First Online: 24 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Biao Yu, Kangkang Mei, Didi Zhan, Qi Tang, Heping Cai, and Runcong Zhang have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: Studies were performed in accordance with ethical principles based on the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards, International Council for Harmonisation Guideline for Good Clinical Practice, and applicable laws and regulations. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital (approval number: EYLL-2024-015). All data were de-identified prior to analysis to ensure patient confidentiality.

: Authorization to access patient records had been obtained from the Ethics Committee of Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital. As this was a retrospective study using anonymized data, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: The data generated or analyzed during this study are partly included in this published article. Individual-level data are not publicly available because of privacy concerns. The de-identified dataset could be made available upon contacting the corresponding author.

: The code used for this study is available upon request from the corresponding author.

: Conceptualization: BY, HC; methodology: BY, HC; software: BY; validation: BY; formal analysis: BY, KM, DZ; investigation: BY, HC; resources: BY, RZ; data curation: BY, DZ, QT; writing (original draft preparation): BY, HC; writing (review and editing): BY HC, RZ; visualization: BY; supervision: HC. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.