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Article History

Received: 4 April 2025

Accepted: 10 November 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Declarations

:

: A.G. is a consultant, speaker, and contracted researcher for Vir Biotechnology, Inc. M.T.P.R. is a consultant and speaker for ViiV Healthcare and holds stocks/shares in the company. P.J.Y. and M.B.C., J.H., J.T.W., V.I., R.A., L.W., S.S., S.H., A.S., and A.P. are employed by GSK and hold financial equities in GSK. P.J.Y. and M.B.C. are former employees of GSK. G.S. and M.A. are employees of Vir Biotechnology, Inc. and may hold stocks/shares in the company. Y.G.R., M.R., A.F and J.M. report no conflicts of interest in this work.

: Anonymized individual participant data and study documents can be requested for further research from .

: This study was conducted in accordance with consensus ethical principles derived from international guidelines including the Declaration of Helsinki, Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences International Ethical Guidelines, applicable International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Good Clinical Practice Guidelines, and applicable country-specific requirements, including US 21 Code of Federal Regulations 312.3(b) for constitution of independent ethics committees. The full names of the ethics committees and institutional review boards that approved the study are included in the ESM.

: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the performance of any study-specific procedures. Each participant was provided with as much time as necessary to review the informed consent form, to inquire about details of the trial, and to decide whether to participate in the study.

: Not applicable.

: All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that was in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the manuscript; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

: These will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author, in accordance with GSK and Vir Biotechnology data sharing policies.