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Article History

Received: 7 May 2025

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Haojie Jiang, Shunhui Cai, Xiaojun Zhang, Shijie Chen, Chunyan Yue, Wu Yin, and Yiqiao Hu have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the work reported in this article.

: Not applicable.

: All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion in the study. For cell line and database analyses, no individual patient consent was required, as data were obtained from publicly available sources (e.g., TCGA).

: Not applicable.

: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Publicly available datasets (e.g., TCGA- lung adenocarcinoma, TCGA-lung squamous cell carcinoma) were also used, as referenced in the Methods section.

: Custom scripts used for bioinformatics analyses are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Any commercial software used (e.g., R, GraphPad Prism) is cited in the Methods section.

: Data curation: HJ, SC; funding acquisition: C-YY, YH; investigation: HJ; methodology: HJ; project administration: WY, CY, YH; resources: SC; supervision: WY, CY, YH; validation: HJ, SC, XZ, SC; visualization: XZ, SC; writing (original draft): HJ; writing (review and editing): HJ, SC, XZ.