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Article History

Accepted: 9 October 2024

First Online: 26 November 2024

Declarations

:

: This publication is the result of a thesis submitted to the National University of Singapore in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy.

: Dr. Luo is an editorial board member for The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research and had no role in the peer review process of this article. The other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

: Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members.Ethical Review Committee StatementApproval for this study was granted by the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (DSRB ref. no.: 2021/00980). The study is performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and amendments.

: Data and materials are available to strengthen the transparency and reliability of the study. Additional data are available upon request by sending an email to the corresponding author.

: Ling Jie Cheng: Conception and design, acquisition and data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of the manuscript, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and administrative, technical, or material support. Nan Luo: Conception and design, acquisition and data, analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and supervision. Le Ann Chen: Acquisition and data, analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and administrative, technical, or material support. Jing Ying Cheng: Acquisition and data, analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and administrative, technical, or material support. Gabriel Ka Po Liu: Analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, a nd supervision.Wenru Wang: Analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and supervision. Hwee Weng Dennis Hey: Conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and supervision. Vivien Xi Wu: Conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and supervision.