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Article History

Accepted: 9 March 2025

First Online: 10 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee (ref: 15985), the University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (ref: 001-09-18), the Zambia National Health Research Authority, and the Ministry of Health. Participants were asked to provide written informed consent, adolescents aged 15–17 years provided written informed assent with prior written informed consent from their parents/guardians.

: All participants consented to the anonymous publication of the information they provided.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: This research was jointly funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) under the MRC/FCDO Concordat agreement (grant ID: MR/R022216/1) as well as the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (PhD support to Lawrence Mwenge). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, or manuscript development.

: Bernadette Hensen, Musonda Simwinga, Kwame Shanaube, Peter Hangoma, Helen Ayles, Richard Hayes & Sarah Fidler provided study leadership; Lawrence Mwenge, Musonda Simwinga, Bernadette Hensen, Helen Ayles, Richard Hayes & Sarah Fidler conceptualized the study; Lawrence Mwenge, Musonda Simwinga, Bernadette Hensen and Helen Ayles designed the study; Lawrence Mwenge, Lucheka Sigande, Ab Schaap, Mwelwa Phiri and Melvin Simuyaba led the DCE formative qualitative interviews that contributed to the design of the discrete choice experiment; Lawrence Mwenge, Lucheka Sigande and Matthew Quaife designed the discrete choice experiment; Lawrence Mwenge, Bernadette Hensen, Sean Floyd and Matthew Quaife participated in data analysis; Lawrence Mwenge drafted the paper; all authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.