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Article History

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 16 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This research is funded through the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit in Economic Methods of Evaluation in Health and Social Care Interventions (reference NIHR206111). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funders had no role in data collection, interpretation, and reporting.

: Jill Carlton, Philip Powell, and Donna Rowen have received funding from the EuroQol Research Foundation. Donna Rowen is a member of the EuroQol Group. The CHU9D instrument is owned and licensed by the University of Sheffield. Andrew Kirkcaldy has no conflicts to declare.

: Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Sheffield (Ref: 045650). All participants gave informed consent before interviews were conducted.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: All participants consented to their anonymised data being used to support publication.

: Data are provided in the manuscript and accompanying supplementary files.

: All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information.

: JC: study conceptualisation, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, supervision, visualisation, writing—original draft, and writing—revisions. PAP: study conceptualisation, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, visualisation, writing—original draft, and writing—revisions. AK: formal analysis and writing—revisions. DR: study conceptualisation, funding acquisition, methodology, and writing—revisions.