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Article History

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 22 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was funded through a Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) Sex and Gender Science Chair (funding reference number: GSL–171376) held by Anne F. Klassen.

: Anne F. Klassen provides research consulting services to the pharmaceutical industry through EVENTUM Research (Hamilton, ON, Canada). The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

: Research ethics board (REB) approval was obtained from the coordinating site in Canada (Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board; project ID #11103) and a collaborating site in Canada (the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Ethics Board; project ID #22/41X). Local REBs determined that the two collaborating sites in the USA did not require local approval.

: Written consent was obtained from all participants before data generation and verbal consent was obtained at the time of data generation. Parental consent was also obtained when required.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Shelby L. Kennedy: conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. Susan M. Jack: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. Natasha Johnson: methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. Jennifer Couturier: supervision, writing—review and editing. Charlene Rae: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. Anne F. Klassen: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, project administration, supervision, writing—review and editing.