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Article History

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 23 July 2025

Declarations

:

: O.L.A., C.M., M.J.C., S.E.H., L.P., K.L.S., N.B., C.F., M.M., R.M., E.J., Y.S. and G.P. conceptualised the study. O.L.A., C.M., N.B., C.F., R.M., E.J., Y.S. and G.P. drafted the protocol for submission for ethics approval. C.M. and O.L.A. conducted the interviews and analysed the transcripts. O.L.A. drafted the manuscript. All authors read, revised and approved the final manuscript.

: C.M. receives funding from NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), UKRI, NIHR, NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit (BTRU) in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics and declares personal fees from Aparito Ltd. outside the submitted work. M.J.C. is Director of the Centre for the Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Deputy Director of the Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation and is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator. M.J.C. receives funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), NIHR ARC West Midlands, LifeArc, European Regional Development Fund, Innovate UK (part of UKRI), Merck, GSK and Gilead. M.C. has received personal fees from Aparito Ltd., Boehringer Ingelheim, CIS Oncology, Halfloop, ICON, Merck, Pfizer and Vertex outside the submitted work. In addition, a family member owns shares in GSK. S.E.H. receives funding from the NIHR, NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit (BTRU) in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), NIHR (ARC) West Midlands, UKRI, and UK SPINE. She declares personal fees from Cochlear, Pfizer, Rinri Therapeutics, Astra Zeneca, Aparito, and CIS Oncology outside the submitted work. M.M. receives funding from Friends of Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre. She declares personal fees from Gilead Sciences Ltd and Novartis. D.I. declares honoraria from Kite/Gilead and Novartis. O.L.A. receives funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit (BTRU) in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) West Midlands, UKRI, LifeArc, Health Foundation, Merck, Gilead, Anthony Nolan, Sarcoma UK, and GSK. He declares personal fees from Gilead Sciences Ltd., Merck, Boehringer Ingelheim and GSK outside the submitted work. Other authors declare no competing interests.

: The West Midlands Edgbaston Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval for the study (reference: 23/SC/0385), and the study received Health Research Authority (HRA) approval.

: Data beyond what is provided in the main text and the supplementary files cannot be shared owing to the conditions of the ethical approval for the study to ensure participants’ anonymity.