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Article History

Accepted: 16 July 2025

First Online: 25 September 2025

Declarations

:

: PA received salary awards from the CIHR as an Embedded Clinician Researcher (#201603) and the FRQS as a Senior Clinical Scholar (#283211). The project was funded by the Canadian Frailty Network (CAT 2015-35). The funding agreement ensures the authors’ independence in designing the study, writing, and publishing this article. The information provided or views expressed in this article are the responsibility of the authors alone.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: The project was approved by the Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches (CISSS-CA) Research Ethics Board (Certificate #2017-001).

: A member of the research team obtained written consent to participate from each patient. Family members wishing to participate also completed a consent form. Patients, family members, and physicians were made aware that it would not be possible to identify individual participants in the published results.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: The code generated and used in the analysis of the study datasets is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Ariane Plaisance: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing – original draft preparation, revision and editing; Julien Turgeon: methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing—revision and editing; Lucas Gomes Souza: formal analysis and investigation, writing—revision and editing; France Légaré: conceptualization, methodology, writing—revision and editing, funding acquisition, resources, supervision; Stéphane Turcotte: methodology, writing—revision and editing, resources, supervision; Nathalie Germain: writing—revision and editing; Tommy Jean: methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing—revision and editing; Maude Dionne: methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing—revision and editing; Félix Antoine Fortier: formal analysis and investigation, writing—revision and editing; Patrick Plante: methodology, writing—revision and editing, funding acquisition, resources, supervision; Diane Tapp: methodology, writing—revision and editing, funding acquisition; Véronique Gélinas: methodology, writing—revision and editing; Emmanuelle Bélanger: writing—revision and editing, funding acquisition; Mark H. Ebell: writing—revision and editing, funding acquisition, resources; Christian Chabot: writing—revision and editing, funding acquisition; Tom H. van de Belt: methodology, writing—revision and editing, funding acquisition; Alexis F. Turgeon: methodology, writing—revision and editing, funding acquisition; Patrick M. Archambault: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing—revision and editing, funding acquisition, resources, supervision. All authors interpreted the results, wrote the final manuscript, and agreed to its published version.