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Article History

Accepted: 29 July 2025

First Online: 28 August 2025

Declarations

:

: M.J.C. is Director of the Centre for the Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, is Deputy Director of the Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation and is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator. M.J.C. receives funding outside the submitted work from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), NIHR ARC West Midlands, LifeArc, European Regional Development Fund, Innovate UK (part of UKRI), Merck, GSK and Gilead. M.J.C. has received personal fees from Aparito Ltd, Boehringer Ingelheim, CIS Oncology, Halfloop, ICON, Merck, Pfizer and Vertex outside the submitted work. J.D.P. receives funding outside the submitted work from the US Food and Drug Administration, UK Research and Innovation and LifeArc. He has received personal fees from Orphalan SA, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Beta6 and DayOne Pharmaceuticals. J.R. receives funding outside the submitted work to her institution from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia, EuroQol Foundation, Cancer Council of Tasmania, Gilead Sciences and Pfizer Inc. Outside the submitted work, she is an Editor-in-Chief of Quality of Life Research. M.B. receives funding outside the submitted work to her institution from Gilead Sciences. E.B. receives funds as a scientific advisor for Navigating Cancer, Resilience Health and Thyme Care; he receives research funding to his institution from the National Cancer Institute and from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. D.C. is President of FACIT.org, which licenses and distributes questionnaires that include item GP5. M.L.S., G.T. and A.Z. have no competing interests to report.

: The study was determined exempt from review (University of Tasmania HREC; Northwestern University IRB).

: Not applicable (secondary data analysis).

: Not applicable (secondary data analysis).

: The data used for this study were accessed through a Data Use Agreement with Vivli, Inc. The authors are not able to share the data.

: Not applicable.

: The data used for this study were accessed through a data use agreement with Vivli, Inc. The authors are not able to share the data.

: Conceptualisation: all authors; Methodology: all authors; Data Curation: Jessica Roydhouse, John Devin Peipert, Monique Breslin, Anne Zola; Funding acquisition: Jessica Roydhouse, John Devin Peipert, Ethan Basch, Melanie Calvert, David Cella, Mary Lou Smith, Gita Thanarajasingam; Software: Jessica Roydhouse, John Devin Peipert, Monique Breslin, Anne Zola; Writing – Original Draft: Jessica Roydhouse; Writing – Review & Editing: all authors.