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Authors
Mishkin, Kathryn
Li, Qixin
Earla, Jagadeswara Rao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-5273
Mejia, Jaime A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1315-6878
Hirshfield, Kim M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5848-1316
Krupsky, Kathryn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8793-6861
Lankin, Josh
Beusterien, Kathleen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-5422
Mulvihill, Emily
Honomichl, Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0535-4268
Gordon, Alexandra https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5163-8119
Xu, Xiaoqing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-6963
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Article History
Received: 6 June 2025
Accepted: 28 September 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Declarations
:
: Kathryn Mishkin: Employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (MSD). Qixin Li: Employee of AstraZeneca. Jagadeswara Rao Earla: Employee of MSD. Jaime Mejia: Employee of MSD. Kim M. Hirshfield: Employee of MSD. Kathryn Krupsky: Employee of Oracle Life Sciences, which received funding from MSD to conduct this research. Josh Lankin: Employee of Oracle Life Sciences, which received funding from MSD to conduct this research. Kathleen Beusterien: Employee of Oracle Life Sciences, which received funding from MSD to conduct this research. Emily Mulvihill: Employee of Oracle Life Sciences, which received funding from MSD to conduct this research. Ryan Honomichl: Employee of Oracle Life Sciences, which received funding from MSD to conduct this research. Alexandra Gordon: Employee of Oracle Life Sciences, which received funding from MSD to conduct this research. Xiaoqing Xu: Employee of AstraZeneca.
: The data supporting the findings of this study are available upon request.
: The authors state that this study received exemption status from full or expedited ethical review by the Sterling Institutional Review Board (IRB ID: 10632-EMulvihill) on December 22, 2022, and followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for all human or experimental investigations.
: Individuals indicated their interest in participating and gave informed consent electronically.
: Not applicable
: All software applications used are commercially available.
: Kathryn Mishkin: conceptualization; writing—review and editing; supervision. Qixin Li: conceptualization; writing—review and editing. Jagadeswara Rao Earla: conceptualization; writing—review and editing; supervision. Jaime Mejia: writing—review and editing. Kim M. Hirshfield: writing—review and editing. Kathryn Krupsky: methodology; validation; formal analysis; writing—original draft; project administration. Josh Lankin: conceptualization; methodology; writing—review and editing; project administration. Kathleen Beusterien: conceptualization; methodology; validation; writing—review and editing. Emily Mulvihill: conceptualization; methodology; writing—review and editing; project administration. Ryan Honomichl: methodology; validation; formal analysis; data curation; writing—review and editing. Alexandra Gordon: methodology; validation; formal analysis; data curation; writing—review and editing. Xiaoqing Xu: conceptualization; writing—review and editing. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
