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Article History

Received: 28 September 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 20 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr. Dr. Charalabos-Markos Dintsios, Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Andrea Icks, and Stefanie Gröls conceptualized and designed the study. Stefanie Gröls performed the experiments and collected the data. Dr. Dr. Charalabos-Markos Dintsios and Stefanie Gröls conducted the formal analysis and curated the data. Dr. Dr. Charalabos-Markos Dintsios and Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Andrea Icks . provided supervision and project administration. Stefanie Gröls wrote the original draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

: No external funding was received for this study. The work was conducted using internal support provided by Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (Germany).

: Dr. Dr. Charalabos-Markos Dintsios is employed by Bayer Vital, Germany, in addition to his academic affiliation. The employment had no influence on the study design, data interpretation, or manuscript preparation. All other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

: The author confirms that all data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (approval no. 2022-1874) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.