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Article History

Received: 17 February 2026

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Katja C. Heinz is an employee of InfectoPharm Arzneimittel und Consilium GmbH and a registered external PhD student at Maastricht University. InfectoPharm had no role in the design, conduct, analysis, writing, or reviewing of this study and manuscript. Christopher John Sayed is a speaker for AbbVie, Novartis and UCB, an investigator for Novartis, UCB, Incyte, InflaRx and AstraZeneca, and a consultant for AbbVie, Novartis, UCB, Incyte, InflaRx, AstraZeneca, Alumis, Sonoma Biotherapeutics, Cantargia, Navigator Medicines, Elasmogen, Sanofi, Sandoz and Moonlake Therapeutics. Stephanie Goldberg served on advisory boards for UCB. Keven M. Brown is a mentor with the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation Buddy Program. Melonie Brown is a board member for Hope for HS. Mickael Hiligsmann is an Editorial Board Member of The Patient . He was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Emily G. Summers, Charlotte Beaudart and Teja Mallela have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: Approval was obtained from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institutional Review Board under protocol 25-0666 on 04/21/2025. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The study does not include personal information based on what participants could be identified. All participants gave consent to publish their anonymized data.

: The data that underly this study are not publicly available because of reasons of sensitivity and anonymity. Upon reasonable request, data might be available from the corresponding author. However, permission must be granted by the research team.

: Not applicable.

: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by KH, CB, MH, CS, TM and ES. The first draft of the manuscript was written by KH and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.