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Article History

Received: 3 March 2025

Accepted: 24 August 2025

First Online: 8 October 2025

Declarations

:

: A.N.A.: consultant: Geneoscopy. H.S.W.: consultant: Abbvie, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, and Phathom Pharmaceuticals; research support: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Nestle, Women’s Wellness Foundation, Autism Research Institute, Scipher Pharmaceuticals, Abbvie, and Pediatric IBD Foundation. S.Y.T. and K.S.M.: none reported.

: Data are available on request by contacting the corresponding author.

: The study was exempt from institutional review board approval and informed consent requirements owing to the use of deidentified data.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: S.Y.T., K.S.M., and H.S.W. designed the model and the computational framework; S.Y.T. and K.S.M. analyzed the data; S.Y.T. took the lead in writing the manuscript in consultation with A.N.A., H.S.W., and K.S.M. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript.