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Article History

Received: 15 January 2026

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 30 May 2026

Declarations

Conflicts of interest: Akinobu Taniguchi, Basile Chrétien, Takashi Maeda, Kazuto Ueda, Ryosuke Miura, Ryuichi Tanaka, Toshihiko Suzuki, Yukako Muramatsu, Yoshiaki Sato, and Kazuki Nishida declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript. The opinions and conclusions in this study are not necessarily those of the Uppsala Monitoring Centre or the World Health Organization.

Authors' contributions: Conceptualization: Akinobu Taniguchi, Basile Chrétien, and Kazuki Nishida. Methodology: Akinobu Taniguchi, Basile Chrétien, and Kazuki Nishida. Data curation: Akinobu Taniguchi, Takashi Maeda, Kazuto Ueda, Ryosuke Miura, Ryuichi Tanaka, Toshihiko Suzuki, Yukako Muramatsu, and Yoshiaki Sato. Formal analysis: Akinobu Taniguchi (retrospective cohort analysis) and Basile Chrétien (VigiBase analysis). Investigation: Akinobu Taniguchi, Takashi Maeda, Kazuto Ueda, Ryosuke Miura, Ryuichi Tanaka, Toshihiko Suzuki, Yukako Muramatsu, and Yoshiaki Sato. Resources: Kazuki Nishida. Supervision: Kazuki Nishida. Writing—original draft: Akinobu Taniguchi and Basile Chrétien. Writing—review and editing: all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nagoya University Hospital (approval No. 2025-0285, September 26, 2025).

Code availability: The specific R code used for the analyses is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Consent to participate: Not applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.