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Article History

Accepted: 4 August 2022

First Online: 30 August 2022

Declarations

:

: This study was funded by GRAIL LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc. GRAIL, LLC is currently held separate from Illumina Inc. under the terms of the Interim Measures Order of the European Commission dated 29 October 2021.

: At the time of writing, Ali Tafazzoli, Alissa Shaul, Ameya Chavan, and Weicheng Ye were employed by Evidera, a healthcare research firm that provides consulting and other research services to pharmaceutical, device, government, and non-government organizations. Evidera received funding from GRAIL LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., to conduct the study and develop this manuscript. Anuraag R. Kansal and Josh Ofman are employees of GRAIL LLC. Scott D. Ramsey and Mark Fendrick are medical consultants who received funding from GRAIL LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc.

: Data used for this study were publicly available; therefore, no ethics approval was required.

: Data used for this study were publicly available; therefore, no informed consent was required.

: Not applicable.

: All data used for this study are provided in the article. Additional details are available from the corresponding author on request.

: Not applicable.

: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. AT and ARK conceptualized the study and were responsible for its overall direction and planning, with input from SDR, AS, JO, and AMF. AT, AS, WY, and AC developed the model and performed the analyses. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AT and AS and all authors commented on subsequent versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.