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Article History

Accepted: 26 September 2022

First Online: 26 October 2022

Declarations

:

: Concept and design: CB, SVP, SVB, EV, SP. Acquisition of data: CB, SVP, SVB, EV, SP, DW, MM, NB, PJA, JLYC, LWD. Design, and implementation of the econometric data analysis: CB. Interpretation of data: CB, SP. Drafting of the manuscript: CB, SP. Critical revision of the paper for important intellectual content: CB, SVP, SVB, PJA, PB, NB, JLYC, BAD, LWD, KAIE, JH, MSI, SJ, NM, MM, YN, DW, LWD, EV, SP.

: This work was supported by grant 733280 from the European Commission as part of the Research on European Children and Adults Born Preterm (RECAP) Consortium Preterm Project, a European Union Horizon 2020 study to construct a platform combining data from cohort studies of very preterm birth in Europe. The Victorian Infant Collaborative Study was supported by grants 491246 and 546519 from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. The New Zealand Very Low Birthweight Follow up Study was supported by project grant 12-129 from the Health Research Council of New Zealand and additional funding from the Cure Kids Charitable Foundation. Participation by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in RECAP was supported by the Research Council of Norway, project no. 283791. SP receives support as a UK National Institute for Health Research Senior Investigator (NF-SI-0616-10103) and from the UK National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley.

: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

: Not applicable as this study describes secondary data analyses.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Information regarding the data availability can be found at: .

: The code used in this study is available from the authors upon reasonable request.