Onyimadu, Olu http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-3485
Astbury, Nerys M.
Achana, Felix
Petrou, Stavros
Violato, Mara
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley (NIHR200172)
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC-1215-20008)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0616-202402)
Article History
Accepted: 6 February 2024
First Online: 3 April 2024
Declarations
:
: This research was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) Oxford and Thames Valley (Grant Number NIHR200172). MV was partly supported by the NIHR Oxford Health (OH) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (Grant Number NIHR203316). OO and NMA also received funding from the NIHR Oxford BRC (Grant Number NIHR-BRC-1215-20008). SP received support as an NIHR Senior Investigator (Award Number NF-SI-0616-202402). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care.
: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) datasets are publicly available via the UK Data Service (), and further information about the MCS can be found at . The seven datasets we used for our study can be found under the “GN 33359 Millennium Cohort Study – Survey and Biomeasures Data” Access data Tab at . On the UK Data Service website, these datasets are titled as follows: Millennium Cohort Study: Age 9 months, Sweep 1, 2001 (SN 4683), Millennium Cohort Study: Age 3, Sweep 2, 2004 (SN 5350), Millennium Cohort Study: Age 5, Sweep 3, 2006 (SN 5795), Millennium Cohort Study: Age 7, Sweep 4, 2008 (SN 6411), Millennium Cohort Study: Age 11, Sweep 5, 2012 (SN 7464), Millennium Cohort Study: Age 14, Sweep 6, 2015 (SN 8156), and Millennium Cohort Study: Age 17, Sweep 7, 2018 (SN 8682). The R package for fitting and predicting multistate model estimates is described in detail and can be downloaded from the paper by Jackson titled Multistate Modelling With R: The MSM Package (). The adaption of the R code from this package we used to incorporate survey replicate weights can be found in the study by Brouwer et al. titled Transitions between cigarette, ENDS and dual use in adults in the PATH study (waves 1–4): multistate transition modeling accounting for complex survey design ().
: OO, MV, and SP conceptualized this study; OO, NMA, FA, SP, and MV contributed to the design of the study; OO carried out the analysis, interpreted the data, and drafted the paper; OO, NMA, FA, SP, and MV critically revised the paper. All authors have read and approved the content of this study.