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Article History

Accepted: 12 May 2024

First Online: 26 June 2024

Declarations

:

: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form. H.A.D., J.L., R.R.H. and P.C. are involved in the ongoing development of the UKPDS-OM, which is licensed by University of Oxford. L.L.L. reported receiving grants and/or honoraria for giving lectures and consultancy from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Procter and Gamble Health, Roche, Sanofi, Servier and Zuellig Pharma. H.A.D. and J.L. have received a research grant from AstraZeneca outside the submitted work. R.R.H. reports research support from AstraZeneca, Bayer and Merck Sharp and Dohme, and personal fees from Anji Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Novartis and Novo Nordisk outside the submitted work. Other authors declare that they have no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

: Concept and design: N.G., H.A.D., J.L., P.C. Acquisition of data: R.R.H. Analysis and interpretation of data: N.G., H.A.D., J.L., R.R.H., L.-L.L., P.C. Drafting of the manuscript: N.G., H.A.D., J.L., P.C. Critical revision of the paper for important intellectual content: N.G., H.A.D., J.L., R.R.H., L.-L.L., P.C. Obtaining funding: J.L., R.R.H., L.-L.L., P.C. Supervision: H.A.D., J.L., P.C.

: This work was funded by supported by the Medical Research Council (MR/T018593/1). The project was supported also by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the UK−Malaysia Joint Partnership on Non-Communicable Diseases under the Malaysia Partnership and Alliances in Research (MyPAiR), funded by the Ministry of Education, Malaysia (Grant number: IF076-2019). H.A.D. was partly funded by an NIHR Senior Research Fellowship through the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre at the time the research was conducted. J.L. acknowledges support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under Grant agreement no. 115881 (RHAPSODY). P.C. is partly supported by funding from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and the Health Foundation. Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL) was sponsored and funded by Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca. Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes With Sitagliptin (TECOS) was funded by Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp, a subsidiary of Merck and Co, Inc. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: Requests for data access and proposals for analyses of EXSCEL and TECOS data can be submitted to the respective study Publications Committee using instructions found at and .