Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 11 August 2024

First Online: 12 October 2024

Declarations

:

: This research was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.

: AW, DL, and AA are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA at time of manuscript submission. CF, GD, and CP are employees of Milliman, Inc., who received consulting fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. KEK participated in United Therapeutics speaker’s bureau 2018–2021 and served on advisory boards and as a consultant for United Therapeutics, J&J Actelion, Acceleron, and Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.

: Ethics approval is not required as this project does not include any interaction with human subjects and only uses publicly available de-identified claims data.

: Not applicable.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were obtained under license from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), Merative L.P., and Milliman, Inc.. As such, data used for this study are not publicly available.

: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work: all authors. Data analysis: CF, CP. Interpretation of data for the work: all authors. Drafting the work or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content: all authors. Final approval of the version to be published: all authors. The authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.