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Article History

Accepted: 26 September 2024

First Online: 23 October 2024

Declarations

:

: The study and open access were funded by the Norwegian Research Centre for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders (NORCATS), with the Department of Addiction Medicine at Haukeland University Hospital in Bergen, Norway serving as the responsible institution. The content of the work is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders.

: All authors declare no competing interest.

: The mortality rates used for the analyses were obtained using primary data and are not available due to data protection requirements. However, the aggregated mortality rates used for the analyses are provided within the article and supplementary materials. Similarly, all other input parameters used in the analyses were taken from published or publicly available sources and are available within the article and supplementary materials.

: The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics in South-East Norway (approval no. 28499).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: P.C. contributed to the study design and literature search, constructed the model, performed the analyses, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. The supervision role was undertaken by K.A.J. S.F. contributed to approval, collection, and interpretation of mortality data. P.C., L.T.F., F.C., and K.A.J. contributed to conceptualization of the study, study design, collection and interpretation of data, and critical revision of previous versions of manuscript. All authors revised, read, and approved the final manuscript for publication.