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Article History

Accepted: 30 September 2024

First Online: 1 November 2024

Declarations

:

: Sandar Aye has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this study. Oskar Frisell has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this study. Henrik Zetterberg has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Alzecure, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Roche, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). Tobias Borgh Skillbäck has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this study. Silke Kern has served at scientific advisory boards, speaker and/or consultant for Roche, Geras Solutions, Optoceutics, Eli Lilly, Biogen and Bioarctic. Maria Eriksdotter has served as a consultant for Roche and Biogen and has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Roche. Emil Aho has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this study. Xin Xia has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this study. Bengt Winblad receives payment for participation in SAB meetings with Artery Therapeutics, AlzeCure, Alzinova and license fees for the Resource Utilisation in Dementia (RUD) instrument. Anders Wimo has received license fees for the Resource Utilization in Dementia (RUD) instrument. Linus Jönsson has received consulting fees from H. Lundbeck A/S and license fees for the Resource Utilization in Dementia (RUD) instrument.

: Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institute. The study was funded by a research grant from the Swedish Innovation Agency (Vinnova), grant number 2021-02680. This work was supported by funding from the Innovative Health Initiative Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 101112145 (PROMINENT). The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme and COCIR, EFPIA, EuropaBio MedTech Europe, Vaccines Europe, BioArctic AB and Combinostics Oy. HZ is a Wallenberg Scholar and a Distinguished Professor at the Swedish Research Council supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2023-00356; #2022-01018 and #2019-02397), the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101053962, Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-71320), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#201809-2016862), the AD Strategic Fund and the Alzheimer's Association (#ADSF-21-831376-C, #ADSF-21-831381-C, #ADSF-21-831377-C, and #ADSF-24-1284328-C), the Bluefield Project, Cure Alzheimer’s Fund, the Olav Thon Foundation, the Erling-Persson Family Foundation, Familjen Rönströms Stiftelse, Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor, Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2022-0270), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 860197 (MIRIADE), the European Union Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND2021-00694), the National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (UKDRI-1003). SK was financed by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALFGBG-965923, ALFGBG-81392, ALF GBG-771071), the Alzheimerfonden (AF-842471, AF-737641, AF-929959, AF-939825), the Swedish Research Council (2019-02075, 2019-02075_15), Stiftelsen Psykiatriska Forskningsfonden, Stiftelsen Demensfonden, Stiftelsen Hjalmar Svenssons Forskningsfond, Stiftelsen Wilhelm och Martina Lundgrens vetenskapsfond. The SveDem register is supported by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, in the analysis and interpretation of data, in the preparation of the manuscript, or in the review or approval of the manuscript.

: LJ conceptualized and designed the study. LJ and SA managed and analyzed the data. XX helped with the analysis of comorbidity data. ME is responsible for generating the SveDem data. TS and HZ generated the CSF biomarker data. SA and OF prepared the draft manuscript. All authors reviewed the results, contributed to, and approved the final version of the manuscript.

: The dataset is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.