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Article History

Accepted: 3 November 2024

First Online: 2 December 2024

Declarations

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: This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council Ideas Grants Application ID: 2012582. Jedidiah I. Morton and Zanfina Ademi were supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council Ideas Grants Application ID: 2012582. The funder had no input into the design of the study or decision to submit for publication.

: Danny Liew declares previous grants, participation in advisory boards and receipt of honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Edwards Lifesciences, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and Shire outside of the submitted work. Gerald F. Watts declares financial support for research, conference travel or advisory boards from Amgen, Arrowhead, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Esperion and CRISPR Therapeutics outside of the submitted work. SZ reports payment to Monash University from Eli Lilly Australia Ltd, Boehringer-Ingelheim, MSD Australia, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Servier outside of the submitted work. Sophia Zoungas is employed by Monash University and receives funding from NHMRC, MRFF, and the Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. She reports previous payment to her institution (Monash University) from Amgen Australia, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly Australia, Moderna, MSD Australia, Sanofi and Novo Nordisk for participation in advisory boards and educational meetings outside of the submitted work. Stephen J. Nicholls has received research support from AstraZeneca, Amgen, Anthera, CSL Behring, Cerenis, Cyclarity, Eli Lilly, Esperion, Resverlogix, New Amsterdam Pharma, Novartis, InfraReDx and Sanofi-Regeneron and is also a consultant for Amgen, Akcea, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring, Eli Lilly, Esperion, Kowa, Merck, Takeda, Pfizer, Sanofi- Regeneron, Vaxxinity, CSL Sequiris and Novo Nordisk. Zanfina Ademi declares research funding from Amgen Australia received through her institution outside of the submitted work. Jedidiah I. Morton and Christopher M. Reid have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: Not applicable.

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: Data from the UK Biobank study were used for this study. The dataset is accessible to researchers via .

: Not applicable.

: JIM contributed to the study design, constructed the model, performed the analysis and literature search, contributed to acquisition and interpretation of data, wrote the protocol, and wrote and revised the manuscript. JIM is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. ZA is the senior author and obtained funding, contributed to the study design, design of the model, acquisition and interpretation of data, revision of the manuscript, and supervision. All other authors contributed to the study design, interpretation of data, and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and made the decision to submit for publication.