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Article History

Accepted: 1 December 2024

First Online: 3 January 2025

Declarations

:

: The work was supported by the National Science and Technology Council (Grant number 112-2314-B-006-013-MY2) and National Cheng Kung University Hospital (Grant number NCKUH-11303046). The funding organization had no role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: Szu-Chun Yang reports grants from the National Science and Technology Council and National Cheng Kung University Hospital during this study. Huang-Tz Ou, Jui-Hung Tsai, Yi-Lin Chen, Tzu-I Wu, and Li-Jun Chen have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: The Institutional Review Board of the National Cheng Kung University Hospital approved this study (B-ER-111-499).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Study protocol and dataset: not applicable. Statistical code: a decision tree can be created from the information in the article. Readers interested in recreating the model may contact Dr. Yang (e-mail: yangszuchun@gmail.com) to discuss any questions.

: Not applicable.

: H-TO: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, resources, validation, roles/writing (original draft), writing (review and editing). J-HT: conceptualization, data curation, writing (review and editing). Y-LC: conceptualization, data curation, writing (review and editing). T-IW: formal analysis, visualization, writing (review and editing). L-JC: formal analysis, investigation, writing (review and editing). S-CY: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, validation, roles/writing (original draft), writing (review and editing).