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Article History

Accepted: 22 April 2025

First Online: 16 May 2025

Declarations

:

: Sean Urwin is funded by the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration for Greater Manchester (ARC-GM, NIHR200174). Charles Smith (Pre-Doctoral Fellowship, NIHR303464) is funded by the NIHR for this research project. Matt Sutton is an NIHR Senior Investigator. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR, NHS or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. Funding provided by National Institute for Health and Care Research.

: This study uses data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), which is available by application from the UK Data Service (). The authors are not permitted to release a copy of the UKHLS used for this study.

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: Concept and design: Sean Urwin. Acquisition of data: Sean Urwin and Charles Smith. Analysis and interpretation of data: Sean Urwin and Charles Smith. Drafting of the manuscript: Sean Urwin. Critical revision of the paper for important intellectual content: Sean Urwin, Charles Smith and Matt Sutton. Supervision: Sean Urwin and Matt Sutton

: This study uses secondary data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). Ethical approval for data collection was obtained by the University of Essex Ethics Committee. All data were anonymised and made available to researchers via the UK Data Service under appropriate end-user licence agreements. No additional ethical approval was required for this secondary analysis.